It exists as much as varieties of dogs exist. I can explain further but it is a lot of genetics. The Lowentin paper was deeply flawed. I do not mean that arrogantly , just my background is genetics. If we can except an analogy of lets say lets say a Doberman is different to a Jack Russel then race in humans is also real (or breeds). If we accept that they are all dogs with no more differences between varieties than differences between individual dogs then race does not exist.I could use varieties of butterflies , trees or guppies too…
I don’t see why we would think about dogs. My understanding in short is that there can be different prevailing ranges of characteristics among different local groups of people, but that grouping them together arbitrarily according to skin color is meaningless, biologically speaking.
Yes, skin color is just one trait. Look across Africa are ethiopians really the same as Nigerians ? Are the different Nigerian tribes genetically the same. However, yes skin color alone is meaningless.
Lets say you are a beginner at your new hobby of identifying trees. You open a guide book, step one, what is the shape of the leaves, step 2 what color are the fruits/nuts etc and so on. Eventually through many characteristics you determine with elation “Ah this is a cypress tree or whatever…”.
It is a combination of genes that create a different phenotype.
Right , so in that way it is a construct as are most categorizations.It is however a category and rightly so in.many fields. It is very useful in medicine , crime scene investigations and many more situations. Different “races” react differently to different medicines, pathogens etc. Different “races” can help more quickly identify serial killers for example we are looking for a black/ white suspect…
If they want to change the word race to category blah blah …then fine with me.
Let’s have a 100m race. I’ll start at the 90m mark, and you start at zero. That’s fair, we’re both running the 100 metres- you don’t want an artificial advantage, do you?
"If we hear at all about Britain’s involvement in slavery, there’s often a slight whiff of self-congratulation – for abolishing it in 1833, 32 years ahead of the US "
There’s a lot of debate about britain’s role, but most would agree they ended slavery before the US
Did you or did you not just start a thread on how trolling people is badz?
For the record. I have you on ignore. You’re acting deranged. I’m glad I can’t see it. There are plenty of other people willing to help you with your English.
British started, and USAmerican succeeded. English has been so widely instituted that even oppressed people are not aware of it. Other oppressed oppressive languages such as Spanish, Russian, Mandarin, Arabian, etc. should be used more.