[quote=“Zla’od”]The cartoon emphasizes climate issues, but neglects sectarian and partisan ones.
We can’t understand Syria without also looking at parallel developments in Iraq and to a lesser extent, Lebanon. After the fall of Saddam Hussein, Shi’a Arabs in Iraq succeeded in ethnically cleansing Baghdad (of Sunni Arabs), and excluding former Baathists (generally Sunni Arabs) from the new government. This encouraged a general breakdown in interethnic relations, and the de facto breakup of Iraq. (The Kurds already had de facto autonomy, and were waiting for opportunities to declare de jure independence and/or enlarge their territories.) Perhaps a million Sunni Iraqi refugees ended up in Syria.
The “Arab Spring” (and related movements in Europe and the USA) was a generational conflict, not limited to any one sect or ethnicity, and it spread from country to country. However, the effect of old political divides (Muslim Brotherhood vs. Gulf monarchies vs. military autocrats) could not be avoided–think of all the changes in Egypt’s government, for example.
In Syria, protests targeting Assad (a military dictator from the Alawi sect–folk Shi’a, but the details don’t matter–all you need to know is that it is an identity group) took on democratic, populist trappings. Since the ruling Alawis are an ethnic minority, democracy would favor Sunnis but not Alawis. Anyway, Assad wasn’t interested in stepping down, and brutally repressed the protests. Despite some effort to create a trans-sectaran opposition, the strongest opposition groups were Sunni fundamentalist militias with an ideology similar to al-Qaeda. IS (whose leadership consisted largely of former Baathists from Iraq) is basically this, on steroids. Thanks to IS, Syria–like Iraq–has broken down more or less along ethnic lines, like so:
Alawis and Christians dominate a coastal strip, plus most of Damascus. They are not thrilled with Assad, but fear being massacred by Sunnis. Russia, which has a naval base in Latakia, is their protector.
The Syrian Kurds have successfully defended their lands along the Turkish border. They receive help from Iraqi Kurds as well as Kurds from Turkey, and have entered into an alliance with the USA (which finds them useful in the fight against IS). The AK government of Turkey hates the idea of an autonomous Kurdish region in Syria, and is working to undermine it. Turkey complains that the USA has prioritized the fight against IS (Sunni, like most of Turkey) over the fight against Assad (Shi’i / Alawi), and accuses Syria’s Kurds of working with Assad against Sunni “rebel” militias. There is truth in this.
The IS controls a vast interior. They have no real international allies, though they have received secret support from the AK Turkish government as well as a few rich Saudis. They benefit from the ethnic divide–few Sunnis are all that religious, but the only other option is often submission to rule by Shi’ites.
Several other Sunni militias are active in Syria, and would be more palatable to their neighbors (and to the great powers), but are far weaker than IS. In fact, some groupings have up and joined IS. Saudi Arabia and Turkey support them to some extent.
Even though Syria is now divided largely along ethnic lines, the resulting regions are highly unstable, hence the continuing civil war.[/quote]
Not to mention the tribal divisions within the sects (mostly Sunni)which is what kicked this war off. And then there is the external intervention by the US,Israel,saudis,Iran and everyone else in the region each with their own geopolitical /religious agendas. What a cluster fuck.
Liveleak.com has some pretty disturbing vids of the war if ya have the stomach for it